Heidi Ravven, The Self Beyond Itself: An Alternative History of Ethics, the New Brain Sciences, and the Myth of Free Will, The New Press, 2013

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　　作者瑞文：走向实证道德

　　内容提要：源于文化构建的自由意志

　　相关的系列问题：人类的道德本质

　　作者简介

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　　从历史上看，Ravven认为在近古和中世纪时西方基督教“出了错”，它...

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　　GUEST BLOGGER Heidi M. Ravven

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　　The more liberal the model of moral education in a given school, the more likely it is to emphasize social service rather than the acquisition of individual character virtues. Nevertheless, the theoretical underpinnings of that aspect of character education are largely absent or unacknowledged, and such programs of social service continue to appear within a discourse of the trai...

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　　GUEST BLOGGER Heidi M. Ravven

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　　Beginning in the 1960s, the American quest for moral education embraced three new "liberal" approaches. "Values clarification" taught children how to judge diverse situations. "Cognitive development" taught children how to think about values. "Feminist caring" considered values as part of personal relationships rather than as abstract principles. These liberal approaches we...

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　　GUEST BLOGGER Heidi M. Ravven

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　　In 1600s and 1700s America, the family was the main transmitter of moral values, embodied in religion. In particular, Puritans believed that religion expressed God's will, which individuals should will themselves to obey. In the 1800s, economic development increased personal freedom. To manage that freedom, moral educators taught individuals to further control the self and di...

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　　GUEST BLOGGER Heidi M. Ravven

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　　In the late 1900s, conservatives announced that America was in moral decline and blamed morally permissive liberal education. America's schools focused on modern technical skills and neglected traditional religious values. The conservatives' remedy was "character education": teaching school children an array of individual "virtues." People should be able to identify the e...

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　　GUEST BLOGGER Heidi M. Ravven

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　　To understand how American moral education is being conducted in the early 2000s, author Ravven visited various American institutions. At a public elementary school, she listened to a principal and a parent express their enthusiasm for educating children about interpersonal "virtues." There she also observed a kindergarten and second grade, finding the students more alienat...

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GUEST  BLOGGER  Heidi  M. Ravven

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An important new book, The self beyond itself, critiques Western ethics. American Jewish philosopher Heidi Ravven argues that medieval Christianity “went wrong” by adopting the punitive notion of moral Behavior as DECISIONS based on the “free will” of autonomous individuals. Ravven returns to the more positive ancient Greek view of moral Character as the cultivation of good moral H...